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right North Forest Independent School District (NFISD) was a school district based in northeast Houston, Texas. The district has had a history of financial and academic issues since the late 1980s until 2013, when the state proceeded to have the district closed. The district officially closed on July 1, 2013 and it was absorbed into the Houston Independent School District. In 2009, the school district was rated "academically unacceptable" by the Texas Education Agency (TEA).〔(【引用サイトリンク】2009 Accountability Rating System )〕 NFISD was the largest school district ever closed by the TEA.〔Smith, Morgan. "(Texas School Closings Rare, But Should They Be? )" ''Texas Tribune''. April 5, 2012. Retrieved on April 8, 2014. "()At 7,300 students, North Forest ISD would be the largest district the state has shuttered;"〕 ==History== The district was established sometime around 1923.〔Wray, Dianna. "Everyone Says They Want the Best for North Forest Students, As Long As They Stand to Benefit." ''Houston Press''. Wednesday October 2, 2013. p. (2 ). Retrieved on October 8, 2013.〕 The district was originally named Northeast Houston Independent School District.〔"(Study Area 4 )." ''City of Houston''. Accessed October 21, 2008.〕 The district originated as a single school in Harris County.〔Martin, Betty L. "(North Forest strives to move ahead / Beleaguered school district battles decline in student enrollment and financial strain )." ''Houston Chronicle''. Thursday March 20, 2003. ThisWeek 1. Retrieved on July 15, 2011.〕 It was also named the East and Mount Houston Independent School District.〔"(The History of B.C. Elmore )." ((Archive )) B.C. Elmore Middle School. Retrieved on November 14, 2011.〕 The district originally had a low income rural White population. Schools were segregated until the late 1960s.〔Jarboe, Jan. "Who Won't Be Back this Fall." ''Texas Monthly''. August 1986. Volume 14, No. 8. (82 ). Retrieved from Google Books on October 6, 2011. ISSN 0148-7736.〕 By the 1970s the State of Texas required its schools to racially integrate. At that time NFISD was a mostly White suburban area. African-American families moved to North Forest for the acclaimed schools.〔 After desegregation, many White families moved to other communities along U.S. Highway 59 such as Aldine, Humble, and Porter.〔 NHISD was a mostly white district throughout the 1970s. The current NFISD was formed out of Northeast Houston ISD.〔Reeves, Kimberly. "(Administrator Not Surprised to See North Forest ISD Shuttered by State )." ((Archive )) ''Houston Press''. Friday July 15, 2010. Retrieved on July 18, 2011.〕 After White families left, African-American families became the majority and gained political control of NFISD.〔 By the late 1970s black people took control of the school board, making it one of the largest black-run school districts in the state.〔Wray, Dianna. "Everyone Says They Want the Best for North Forest Students, As Long As They Stand to Benefit." ''Houston Press''. Wednesday October 2, 2013. p. (3 ). Retrieved on October 8, 2013.〕 Billy Reagan, a former superintendent of the Houston Independent School District (HISD), said that he observed NFISD around the 1970s and considered bringing the district into HISD. In the late 1970s he sent people to the TEA to gather information on the viability of the merger attempt. The response to Reagan stated that desegregation laws made it illegal to have the merger of two minority-population school districts.〔 Area residents stated that they were not annexed by HISD because they wanted to maintain political control over their own schools.〔 Reagan asked the superintendent of the Humble Independent School District to check if the state would allow his district to annex North Forest. According to Reagan, the Humble ISD superintendent did not take any actions to acquire NFISD and no other school districts neighboring NFISD seemed to be interested in acquiring it.〔 In 1979 NFISD area residents discovered that a company had lied to them about a development; it claimed that houses were being developed on a site, when in reality a landfill was being placed there.〔Gaventa, John, Barbara E. Smith, and Alex W. Willingham. ''Communities in Economic Crisis: Appalachia and the South''. Temple University Press, 1990. (196 ). Retrieved from Google Books on October 6, 2011. ISBN 0-87722-650-4, ISBN 978-0-87722-650-5.〕 The proposed landfill was about from the NFISD administration building, an NFISD high school, the NFISD sports stadium, and an NFISD track field.〔Finkel, Adam N. ''Worst Things First?: The Debate Over Risk-Based National Environmental Priorities''. Resources for the Future, 1995. (249 ). Retrieved from Google Books on October 6, 2011. ISBN 0-915707-76-4, ISBN 978-0-915707-76-8〕 At the time the NFISD high school did not have air conditioning.〔 Seven NFISD schools were within a radius of the landfill.〔Gaventa, John, Barbara E. Smith, and Alex W. Willingham. ''Communities in Economic Crisis: Appalachia and the South''. Temple University Press, 1990. (197 ). Retrieved from Google Books on October 6, 2011. ISBN 0-87722-650-4, ISBN 978-0-87722-650-5.〕 In 1979 the area residents sued the landfill company in federal court.〔 In 1985 the residents lost the suit in federal court. Due to the political efforts against the landfill, remedies were passed at the state and municipal levels.〔 In 1981 the NFISD Police Department was established.〔"(Police Department )." North Forest Independent School District. Retrieved on November 3, 2011.〕 As of October 12, 1989, NFISD was the largest school district in the State of Texas managed by African-Americans.〔Asin, Stephanie. "(North Forest district shows off its `other' side in tour )," ''Houston Chronicle''. Thursday October 12, 1989. A22. Retrieved on July 15, 2011.〕 In 1991 voters approved an about $40 million NFISD bond.〔 In 1997 voters approved a bond in an election, leading to the construction of four schools.〔"(About North Forest ISD )." ((Archive )) North Forest Independent School District. August 13, 2003. Retrieved on July 15, 2011.〕 On March 1, 1998, the district issued $46.9 million worth of the approved bonds. The district used $5 million to refund older bonds at an interest rate that favored NFISD. The remaining funds were used to construct B. C. Elmore Middle School, East Houston Intermediate School (now Hilliard Elementary School), Keahey Intermediate School (was Marshall Early Childhood Center at the time of NFISD closure), and Shadydale Elementary School.〔"(Chapter 5 FACILITIES USE AND MANAGEMENT NORTH FOREST INDEPENDENT SCHOOL DISTRICT )" ((Archive )). Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts. Retrieved on November 21, 2011.〕 In 1999 voters approved another about $40 million NFISD bond.〔 In June 2001 Tropical Storm Allison hit Houston, damaging six NFISD schools.〔 Forest Brook High School sustained heavy damage after the storm;〔"(Forest Brook High School ends an era after Allison )," ''Houston Chronicle'', August 26, 2001〕 Forest Brook, Lakewood Elementary School, and the NFISD district administration building were closed due to storm damages.〔 The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) said that it would pay 75% of the damage costs sustained as a result of Allison. FEMA planned to give NFISD $1.4 million as its first installment of payments in November 2001.〔Stanton, Robert. "(WEATHERING THE STORM / North Forest ISD perseveres through difficult year )." ''Houston Chronicle''. Thursday December 27, 2001. ThisWeek 1. Retrieved on July 15, 2011.〕 On March 18, 2003 it had a budget of $65 million during that year; about $50 million came from the state and the rest came from property taxes.〔 On July 20, 2007, some teenagers vandalized Forest Brook High School with a water hose.〔"(Police search for school vandals )." ''ABC-13 KTRK-TV''. Friday July 20, 2007. Retrieved on April 20, 2009〕 Students at Forest Brook began the 2007-2008 school year at nearby M. B. Smiley High School.〔"(Damage forces students to share campus )," ''Houston Chronicle'', July 21, 2007〕 Forest Brook re-opened in the spring. After the vandalism of Forest Brook High School, North Forest ISD decided to merge Forest Brook's population into Smiley until Forest Brook is repaired. Some parents and observers criticized the decision, fearing territorial rivalries would cause tension between Forest Brook and Smiley students. School officials states that the repair would take at least four months.〔"(Star athlete accused of Forest Brook High vandalism )," ''KHOU-TV'', August 8, 2007〕 In March 2008 North Forest ISD announced that it would consolidate its two high schools and close Tidwell Elementary School, merging it into Hilliard. Pupils formerly zoned to Tidwell started being a part of the Hilliard zone in August 2008.〔"(North Forest votes to merge schools )." ''Houston Chronicle''. March 15, 2008.〕〔"(North Forest ISD to merge Smiley, Forest Brook High; Tidwell, Hillard Elementary )." ''KHOU-TV''.〕〔"(Board Approves Combining of Schools )." ''North Forest Independent School District''.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「North Forest Independent School District」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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